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اعصاب نخاعی و نخاعی

Chapter 12

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Extends from foramen magnum to second lumbar vertebra

Segmented

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Connected to 31 pairs of spinal nerves

All are mixed nerves; I.e., contain both sensory and motor fibers

Not uniform in diameter throughout length

Cervical enlargement: supplies upper limbs

Lumbar enlargement: supplies lower limbs

Conus medullaris: tapered inferior end.

Cauda equina: origins of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris.

Spinal Meninges

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Dura mater: outermost layer; continuous with epineurium of the spinal nerves

No firm connections to vertebrae

Epidural space: external to the dura; anesthesia injected here in sc. Contains blood vessels, areolar connective tissue and fat.

Arachnoid mater: delicate net-work of collagen and elastic fibers

Subarachnoid space: between pia and arachnoid

CSF and blood vessels within web-like strands of arachnoid tissue

Fluid functions as a shock absorber

Pia mater: thin layer of elastic and collagen fibers bound tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord

Denticulate ligaments extend from pia through arachnoid to dura; prevent lateral movement

Forms the filum terminale, which anchors spinal cord to coccyx and the denticulate ligaments that attach the spinal cord to the dura mater

Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus: deep clefts partially separating left and right halves

Gray matter: contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, axons

Divided into:

Posterior (dorsal) horns

Anterior (ventral) horns

Lateral horns (found only in thoracic and lumbar regions

White matter

Myelinated axons

Three columns (funiculi): ventral, dorsal, lateral

Each of these divided into sensory or motor tracts

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